Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
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Type | Public research university |
---|---|
Established | c. 1876 |
Founder | Mahendralal Sarkar |
Academic affiliation | |
Budget | ₹162.49 crore (US$19 million) (FY2023–24 est.)[1] |
President | Vinod K. Singh |
Director | Ranjan Sen |
Location | , , India 22°29′56.09″N 88°22′7.76″E / 22.4989139°N 88.3688222°E |
Campus | Large city |
Language | English |
Newspaper | Indian Journal of Physics |
Website | www |
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University and College rankings | |
---|---|
Global – Overall | |
CWUR World[citation needed] | 1092 (2021)[2] |
National – Overall | |
CWUR National[citation needed] | 19 (2021)[3] |
Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) is a public, deemed, research university for higher education and research in basic sciences under the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India.[4] Established on 29 July 1876 by Mahendralal Sarkar, a private medical practitioner, it focuses on fundamental research in basic sciences.[5] It is Asia's oldest research institute[6][7] located at Jadavpur, South Kolkata near Jadavpur University, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute and Indian Institute of Chemical Biology. It is spread over a limited area of 9.5 acres[8] and currently in the process of building an advanced SMART campus at Baruipur.[9]
The association is engaged in research in various fields of physics, chemistry, biological sciences, mathematical and computational sciences, materials sciences and various interdisciplinary areas.[10]
Indian Journal of Physics (IJP)
[edit]Indian Journal of Physics was founded in 1926. It is published monthly.[11] Springer distributes print version of the Journal worldwide. The present chief editor of the journal is Prof. Subham Majumdar, who is a senior professor in the School of Physical Sciences, IACS.[12]
Second Campus (Offshore Campus at Baruipur)
[edit]Union Minister of Science and Technology, Dr. Harsha Vardhan unveiled the foundation stone of the Syamaprasad Mukherjee Advanced Research and Training (SMART)[9] campus of Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science(IACS) at Baruipur. It will have the facilities for cutting-edge research in multiple disciplines such as fundamental sciences, engineering sciences and medical sciences.[13][14]
Academic Divisions
[edit]Starting from 2018, after being declared as a deemed university by MHRD, for academic purposes, departments and centres in the Institute are broadly assigned to six major schools, each headed by a Chairperson (School Chair):
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences (SAIS)
- School of Biological Sciences (SBS)
- School of Chemical Sciences (SCS)
- School of Materials Sciences (SMS)
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences (SMCS)
- School of Physical Sciences (SPS)
Apart from these six major schools, there are a few centers, designed to perform specific and cutting-edge research, by the institute administration:
- Centre for Computer Research, Education and Services (CCRES)
- Director's Research Unit (DRU)
- Technical Research Center (TRC)
- Central Scientific Services (CSS)
- Raman Centre of Atomic, Molecular & Optical Sciences
- Polymer Structural Unit
- Energy Research Unit
Administration
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Indian_Association_for_Cultivation_of_Science.jpg/305px-Indian_Association_for_Cultivation_of_Science.jpg)
At its inception, the IACS was headed by a President, with the Honorary Secretary responsible for the day-to-day running of the Society. Until 1911, the office of President was de facto held by the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, when the Lieutenant-Governor (Governor from 1912) became the co-patron of the Society alongside the Viceroy of India, whose office-holders were automatically Patrons of the Society until 1947.[15][note 1] Following India's independence in 1947, the administration of the IACS was reconstituted, with the designation of "Honorary Director" substituted for "Honorary Secretary."[16] The Director's prefix of "Honorary" was dropped in 1953.[17]
Presidents of the IACS (1876-present)
[edit]- Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet FRS (1876-1877)
The Hon. Sir Ashley Eden FASB (1877-1882)Mahendra Sarobar, IACS - Sir Augustus Rivers Thompson (1882-1887)
- Sir Steuart Bayley (1887-1890)
Sir Charles Alfred Elliott FASB (1890-1895)Prof. Meghnad Saha, first director of IACS - Sir Alexander Mackenzie (1895-1898)
- Sir John Woodburn (1898-1903)
- Sir Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser FASB (1903-1909)
- Sir Edward Norman Baker (1909-1911)
- Raja Pyare Mohan Mukherjee FASB (1911-1922)[18]
- Hon. Justice Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee FASB, FRSE, FRAS, MRIA (1922-1924)[19]
- Sir Rajendra Nath Mookerjee FASB (1924-1934?)[20]
- Sir Nilratan Sircar (1934-1942)[21]
- Prof. Rai Bahadur Sir Upendranath Brahmachari FNI, FASB (1942-1946)[22][23]
- Prof. Meghnad Saha FNI, FASB, FRS (1946-1951)[23][24]
- Prof. Sir Jnan Chandra Ghosh FNI (1951-1954)[25][26]
- Hon. Justice Charu Chandra Biswas (1954-1957)[27]
- Hon. Chief Justice Phani Bhusan Chakravartti (1957-1958)[28]
- Prof. Satyendra Nath Bose FNI, FRS (1958-1962)[29][30]
- Hon. Justice Rama Prasad Mookerjee (1962-1965)[30]
- Prof. Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee FNI, FCS (1965-1968)[31]
- Prof. Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri FNA (first term, 1968–1970)[32][note 2]
- Prof. Sushil Kumar Mukherjee FNA (first term, 1970–1973)[33][34]
- Prof. Sukumar Chandra Sirkar FNA (1973-1974)[34]
- Prof. Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri FNA (second term, 1974–1977)[35][36]
- Prof. Bimal Kumar Bachhawat FNA (1977-1983)[36]
- Prof. Sushil Kumar Mukherjee FNA (second term, 1983–1997)[37][38]
- Prof. Arun Kumar Sharma FNA, FASc (1997-2000)[38]
- Prof. M. M. Chakraborty (2000-2003)[39][40]
Prof. Ashesh Prosad Mitra FNA, FASc, FRS (2003-2007)[41]Independence Day celebration at IACS (15 August 2019) - Prof. Shri Krishna Joshi FNA, FASc (2007-2014)[42]
- Prof. Man Mohan Sharma FNA, FASc, FRS, FREng (2014–2021)[43]
- Prof. Srivari Chandrasekhar, FNA, FASc (2021 – 2022)
- Prof. Vinod K. Singh, FNA, FASc, FNASc, FTWAS (2022–present)
Secretaries and Directors of the IACS
[edit]Honorary Secretaries of the IACS (1876-1947)
[edit]Name | Period in office | Duration in office |
---|---|---|
Mahendralal Sarkar (Founder) | 15 January 1876 – 23 February 1904[44] | 28 years, 1 month and 8 days |
Amritalal Sarkar | 16 June 1904 – 8 September 1919[44][21] | 15 years, 2 months and 23 days |
C. V. Raman | 18 September 1919 – 31 March 1933[21][45][46] | 13 years, 6 months and 13 days |
K. S. Krishnan | 31 March 1933 – 19 June 1934[21] | 1 year, 2 months and 19 days |
Sisir Kumar Mitra | 19 June 1934–November 1935[21] | 1 year, 5 months |
Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee | November 1935–31 December 1943[21][47] | 8 years, 1 month |
Meghnad Saha | 31 December 1943–October 1944[47][48] | 9 months |
Priyadaranjan Ray (acting) | October–31 December 1944[47][49] | 2 months |
Priyadaranjan Ray | 1 January 1945 – 1 October 1947[50][51] | 2 years and 9 months |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Front_garden%2C_IACS.jpg/303px-Front_garden%2C_IACS.jpg)
Honorary Directors of the IACS (1947-1953)
[edit]Name | Period in office | Duration in office |
---|---|---|
Priyadaranjan Ray | 1 October 1947 – 1 January 1953[51][17] | 5 years and 3 months |
Directors of the IACS (1953-present)
[edit]Name | Period in office | Duration in office |
---|---|---|
Meghnad Saha | 1 January 1953 – 16 February 1956[17][52] | 3 years, 1 month and 15 days |
Priyadaranjan Ray (officiating) | 4 March 1956 – 2 December 1958[52][53] | 2 years, 8 months and 28 days |
Sukumar Chandra Sirkar (acting) | 8 December 1958 – 10 December 1959[53][54] | 1 year and 2 days |
Kedareswar Banerjee | 11 December 1959 – 1 October 1965[54][55] | 5 years, 9 months and 20 days |
Bishwambhar Nath Srivastava (acting) | 1 October 1965 – 31 December 1968[55][56] | 3 years, 2 months and 30 days |
Debidas Basu | 1 January 1969 – 31 August 1980[56][57] | 11 years, 7 months and 30 days |
G. S. Banerjee IAS (acting) | 19 September 1980 – 8 March 1981[57] | 5 months and 17 days |
Sadhan Basu | 9 March 1981 – 14 July 1982[note 3][57][58] | 1 year, 4 months and 5 days |
G. S. Banerjee IAS (acting) | 14 July–8 December 1982[57][58] | 4 months and 24 days |
Asok Kumar Barua (acting) | 9–30 December 1982[58] | 21 days |
Asok Kumar Barua | 31 December 1982 – 1989[58][59] | 6 years |
Usha Ranjan Ghatak | 1989–1993[59] | 4 years |
Dipankar Chakravorty | 1993–9 September 1999[60][61] | 6 years |
Debashis Mukherjee | 10 September 1999 – 31 March 2009[61] | 9 years, 6 months and 21 days |
Kankan Bhattacharyya | 1 April 2009 – 10 February 2013[62][63] | 3 years, 10 months and 9 days |
Subhas Chandra Roy (acting) | 10 February–11 September 2013[63][64] | 7 months and 1 day |
Deb Shankar Ray (acting) | 11 September 2013 – 21 April 2015[64][65] | 1 year, 7 months and 10 days |
Santanu Bhattacharya | 22 April 2015 – 23 April 2021[65] | 6 years and 1 day |
Tapas Chakraborty (acting, additional charge) | 24 April 2021–6 April 2023[66] | 1 year, 11 months and 14 days |
Ranjan Sen | 6 April 2023 – present | 1 year and 5 months |
Notable alumni and associates
[edit]Source:[67]
Nobel Laureate
[edit]- Sir C.V. Raman, FRS, Former Faculty of IACS[68]
Bharat Ratna (Highest Civil Honor in India)
[edit]- Sir C.V. Raman, FRS, Former Faculty of IACS
- Prof. C.N.R. Rao, FRS, Former Chairman of Review Committee of IACS
Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS), London
[edit]- Sir J. C. Bose, former faculty of IACS
- Sir C. V. Raman, former faculty of IACS
- Prof. Meghnad Saha, former faculty and Director of IACS
- K. S. Krishnan, alumnus, former faculty of IACS
- S. N. Bose, former faculty of IACS
- A. P. Mitra, former Chairman of the IACS Council
- C. N. R. Rao, former Chairman of the Review Committee of IACS and IACS Fellow
- M. M. Sharma, former Chairman of the IACS Governing Council and IACS Fellow
- TV Ramakrishnan (IACS Fellow)
- Ajay Sood (IACS Fellow)
Padma Vibhushan (Civil Honor in India)
[edit]- C. N. R. Rao, former Chairman of the Review Committee of IACS and IACS Fellow
- M. M. Sharma, former Chairman of the IACS Governing Council and IACS Fellow
Padma Bhusan (Civil Honor in India)
[edit]- K. S. Krishnan, alumnus, former faculty of IACS
Padma Shri (Civil Honor in India)
- Vinod K. Singh, Chairman of Governing Council, IACS
TWAS Prize
[edit]Source:[69]
- C. N. R. Rao, former Chairman of the Review Committee of IACS and IACS Fellow
- Animesh Chakravorty, former faculty of IACS
- Kankan Bhattacharyya, former student, faculty and Director of IACS
- Santanu Bhattacharya, former Director of IACS
- D. D. Sharma, former faculty member, IACS
Alexander von Humboldt Research Award
[edit]- D. Mukherjee, former student, faculty and Director of IACS
Fellow of the World Academy of Sciences (FTWAS)
[edit]- C. N. R. Rao, former Chairman of the Review Committee of IACS and IACS Fellow
- D. Mukherjee, former student, faculty and Director of IACS
- Kankan Bhattacharyya, former student, faculty and Director of IACS
- Santanu Bhattacharya, former Director of IACS
- T. Saha-Dasgupta, former Faculty of IACS
Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (SSB) Prize
[edit]- K. S. Krishnan, alumnus, former faculty of IACS
- S. Basu, received in 1965, former faculty of IACS
- C. N. R. Rao, former Chairman of the Review Committee of IACS and IACS Fellow
- U. R. Ghatak, former Director and faculty of IACS
- Animesh Chakravorty, former faculty of IACS
- Mihir Chowdhury, former faculty of IACS
- D. Mukherjee, former student, faculty and Director of IACS
- Kankan Bhattacharyya, former student, faculty and Director of IACS
- Akhil R. Chakravarty, former Student of IACS
- D. S. Ray, former student and faculty of IACS
- Sourav Pal, former student of IACS
- Santanu Bhattacharya, former Director of IACS
- Samaresh Bhattacharya, former Student of IACS
- Krishnendu Sengupta, present faculty member, IACS
- Pradyut Ghosh, present faculty member, IACS
- P. S. Mukherjee, former Student of IACS
- Jyotirmayee Dash, present faculty member, IACS[70]
Notable research works
[edit]Nobel laureate Sir C. V. Raman conducted his work on the Raman effect in this institute.[71] His work was first published in the Indian Journal of Physics, which is published by IACS.[72]
At the university, Debashis Mukherjee developed the Mk-MRCC method to account for electron correlations in molecular systems.[citation needed] Another important discovery has been in the area of solvation dynamics of molecules and in particular the dynamics of water molecules around the surfaces of membranes. These experiments performed by Professor Kankan Bhattacharyya provided an insight into the behavior of water near biological surfaces and led to his coining of the phrase "biological water".[citation needed]
Notes
[edit]- ^ With the exceptions of Sir (later Lord) Antony MacDonnell (Lieutenant-Governor 1893-1895), Sir Charles Cecil Stevens (Lieutenant-Governor 1897-1898), James Bourdillon (Lieutenant-Governor 1902-1903), Sir Lancelot Hare (Lieutenant-Governor 1906) and Francis Slacke (Lieutenant-Governor 1906-1908).
- ^ Prior to 1970, the Indian National Science Academy was named the "National Institute of Sciences of India", and its fellows bore the post-nominal "FNI". The post-nominal became "FNA" in 1970 when the association adopted its present name.
- ^ On medical leave from 14 July 1982, resigned with effect from 24 August.
References
[edit]- ^ "DETAILED DEMANDS FOR GRANTS OF MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2023-2024" (PDF). dst.gov.in. 26 April 2023. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
- ^ "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2021–2022 Ranking". Retrieved 27 July 2021.
- ^ "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2021–2022 Ranking". Retrieved 27 July 2021.
- ^ Bernhard Joseph Stern (1978). Science and Society. p. 84.
- ^ "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata". dst.gov.in. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
- ^ "saha.ac.in". Retrieved 8 October 2017.
- ^ "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science". twas.org. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
- ^ "About IACS". iacs.res.in. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
- ^ a b "Dr.Harsh Vardhan unveils foundation stone of shyamaprasad mookerjee advance research and training campus". United News of India. 13 September 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^ Lourdusamy, John Bosco (2003). "The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: A Tortuous Tryst with Modern Science". Journal of Science Education and Technology. 12 (4): 381–396. Bibcode:2003JSEdT..12..381L. doi:10.1023/B:JOST.0000006298.23641.2e. ISSN 1059-0145. JSTOR 40188743. S2CID 144345557.
- ^ "Indian Journal of Physics". Springer. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
- ^ "Indian Journal of Physics". iacs.res.in. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
- ^ "Second campus for science hub". The Telegraph. 14 September 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^ "Union Minister Dr. Harsh Vardhan unveils the foundation stone of the Shyamaprasad Mookerjee advance research and training campus of IACS in Kolkata". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
- ^ Report of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science for the Year 1915. Anglo-Sanskrit Press. 1915. p. 144.
- ^ The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1947-1948. 1948. pp. 25–26.
- ^ a b c "Report of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science for the Year 1952–53". IACS. 31 March 1953. hdl:10821/462. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ Report of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science for the Year 1923. Anglo-Sanskrit Press. 1923. p. 11.
- ^ "IACS - Annual Report for the Year 1924" (PDF). Archive - IACS. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
- ^ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for the Year 1935. 1935. p. 1.
- ^ a b c d e f "Raman, Krishnan and the IACS Episodes of the 1930s" (PDF). INSA - Indian Journal of History of Science. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
- ^ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for the Year 1942. 1942. p. 20.
- ^ a b Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for the Year 1946. 1946. p. 1.
- ^ "The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1950-51" (PDF). Archive - IACS. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
- ^ "The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1951-52" (PDF). Archive - IACS. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
- ^ "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1953-54". Nature. 174 (4428): 495–496. 1954. Bibcode:1954Natur.174..495.. doi:10.1038/174495a0. S2CID 4203443.
- ^ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1955-56. 1956. p. 2.
- ^ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1957-58. 1958. p. 2.
- ^ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1958-59. 1959. p. 2.
- ^ a b Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1961-62. 1962. p. 2.
- ^ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1965-66. 1966. pp. 2–4.
- ^ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1968-69. 1969. p. 1.
- ^ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1970-71. 1971. p. 1.
- ^ a b Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1973-74. 1974. p. 1.
- ^ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1974-75. 1975. p. 1.
- ^ a b Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1977-78. 1978. p. 1.
- ^ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1982-83. 1983. pp. 1–4.
- ^ a b Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1997-98. IACS. 1998. p. 3.
- ^ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 2000-2001. IACS. 2001. p. 3.
- ^ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 2002-2003. IACS. 2003. p. 6.
- ^ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 2003-2004. IACS. 2004. p. 1.
- ^ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 2007-2008. IACS. 2008. pp. 8–11.
- ^ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 2014-15. IACS. 2015. p. 11.
- ^ a b "Report of the Twenty Seventh Annual Meeting of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1904". IACS. June 1904. hdl:10821/610. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
- ^ The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for the Year 1920. 1920. p. 21.
- ^ Viswamitra, M. A. (November 1988). "Professor C. V. Raman and the Department of Physics, IISc, 1933-1948". J. Indian Inst. Sci. 68: 445–447. hdl:2289/6268. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
- ^ a b c "Report of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science for the Year 1943". IACS. 31 December 1943. hdl:10821/458. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ "Report of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science for the Year 1943". IACS. 31 December 1943. hdl:10821/458. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ "Report of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science for the Year 1944". IACS. 31 December 1944. hdl:10821/461. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ "Report of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science for the Year 1945". IACS. 31 December 1945. hdl:10821/455. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ a b "Report of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science for the Year 1947–48". IACS. 31 March 1948. hdl:10821/463. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ a b "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1955-56". IACS. 1 April 1956. hdl:10821/611. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ a b "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1958-59". IACS. 1 April 1959. hdl:10821/613. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ a b "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1959-60". IACS. 1 April 1960. hdl:10821/614. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ a b "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1965-66". IACS. 1 April 1966. hdl:10821/621. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ a b "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1968-69". IACS. 1 April 1969. hdl:10821/622. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1980-81". IACS. 1 April 1981. hdl:10821/970. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1982-83". IACS. 1 April 1983. hdl:10821/972. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ a b "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1989-90". IACS. 1 April 1990. hdl:10821/978. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1992-93". IACS. 1 April 1993. hdl:10821/981. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ a b "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1999-2000". IACS. 1 April 2000. hdl:10821/987. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report 2008-2009" (PDF). IACS. 1 April 2009. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ^ a b "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report 2012-2013" (PDF). IACS. 1 April 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ^ a b "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report 2013-2014" (PDF). IACS. 1 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ^ a b "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report 2014-2015" (PDF). IACS. 1 April 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ^ "Director". iacs.res.in. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ Annual Report, 2019-'20 (PDF). 2020.
- ^ "Nobel Prize". iacs.res.in. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
- ^ "TWAS Prize". iacs.res.in. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
- ^ "SS Bhatnagar Prize". iacs.res.in. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
- ^ "Sir Venkata Raman - Biographical". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
- ^ "Indian Journal of Physics". springer.com. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
External links
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)